Redlining: Gentrification’s Outline

Gentrification, also known to some as the “Back to the City Movement” or “Urban Turnaround”, is a term that describes the changes that occur in a neighborhood when people with higher incomes begin to move in in large numbers. These changes occur to meet the standards and desires of the new inhabitants and include (but are not limited to) urban renewal projects, new businesses, a heavier police presence, and an increase in the cost of living which results in the displacement of the long-time residents with lower incomes. Though gentrification is a fairly recent phenomenon, only roughly dating back to the 1990’s, the groundwork for its existence began almost a century ago during the Great Depression.

When Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected president in the 1930’s, he rolled out a series of government plans and programs, known as the New Deal, meant to provide relief for Americans struggling after the market crash of 1929. Programs created under the Housing Act of 1934 were specifically dedicated to creating better and more affordable housing opportunities for working class families, and during this time, entire housing developments were created across the country— including New York City’s very own Housing Authority (NYCHA).

In order to regulate how the new developments were being filled, strict policies were implemented that dictated who could move into a neighborhood by deciding who could be approved for mortgages or rentals. Redlining, one of the strategies used to enforce this regulation, was the practice of city planners taking maps of cities and outlining different areas with different colors to categorize the desirability of each neighborhood. Neighborhoods outlined in red were “least desirable” or “high risk” for lenders, almost always because they had higher populations of black or non-white residents or bordered a neighborhood that did. Banks and lenders refused to approve mortgage loans to families in “high risk”/”less desirable” redlined areas, and also denied mortgages to black families seeking housing in “more desirable” areas where white people lived. The reason being, there was a fear (rooted in nothing but racism) that the value of a property or neighborhood decreased when black families moved in. Now, don’t get me wrong, there were some new housing opportunities for black families, but they were in completely separate areas from the ones set aside for white families and they only made up a fraction of the opportunities set aside for whites.

Redlining was outlawed in theory with the passing of the Fair Housing Act of 1968 meant to protect people facing disrimination in housing. By this time many northern cities had already begun seeing larger populations of black Americans and Puerto Ricans looking for better opportunities, due to the ongoing “Great Migration” and annexation of the island. As a result, white people also began moving in large numbers, mainly out of areas bordering redlined neighborhoods, looking to get away from their new neighbors of color. Their exodus, known as the “White Flight”, was facilitated by the development of highway systems that made commuting to suburban areas surrounding large cities faster and easier. Though this type of migration began in the 1950’s, it is still seen in practice today in many diversifying suburbs across the country.

Now, how does all of this relate to gentrification you ask? Allow me to explain. Over the years, there has been an increase in urbanization across the globe. What this means is that more and more people are leaving rural areas and city-outskirts for more urban areas for various reasons, but mainly for employment opportunities. Not only are there more cities than there were ever before, but the population sizes of these cities are growing very quickly creating a large demand for housing. The United States is not exempt from this trend. Across the country, the suburbs are losing a lot of their appeal for young adults, and many businesses are relocating to metropolitan areas taking their work forces with them.

Today, due to the current income inequality crisis, American people are facing very similar financial strains as they were prior to the New Deal. Young college graduates moving to cities for employment opportunities are finding it difficult to find housing they can afford in more “desirable areas” (as per redlining guidelines). The reason being for this is two fold; on one part, they simply aren’t earning enough money to afford it, and on the other, property value in more affluent areas has compounded over time. The continued investment in areas that were not restricted from receiving loans led to increases in property value and huge concentrations of wealth, while the exact opposite happened in areas that were redlined. Today, when young professionals are seeking affordable housing in large cities their only options just so happen to be the redlined neighborhoods that went ignored for decades.

There’s an old saying that states ‘nothing happens overnight’ and it holds especially true for the process of gentrification in cities across the country. The factors that led to what we are currently experiencing in many low-income black/latino/non-white/immigrant neighborhoods were decades in the making and began as federal policies that were seemingly good, but intentionally unfair. This example of systemic injustice is just one of the many that have been experienced by black and latino people in this country, and reparative action must be taken to address the extreme wealth gap it created.

Additional reading:

https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-america

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.858.1477&rep=rep1&type=pdf

https://hbr.org/2010/05/back-to-the-city

https://www.urbandisplacement.org/redlining

Hood (R)evolution

It is becoming crystal clear that we are still existing in the civil rights era. The overtly racist systems that were seemingly dismantled upon the end of segregation have taken other forms to remain in existence. The oppressive institutions in this country have managed to keep the masses subdued and placated for some time, throwing us bones to quell our activism. Bones like “affirmative action” and others that create the appearance of equal treatment of the races without actually providing said treatment. Over the years, there have been countless marches protesting police killings of unarmed black men and women (one of the many problems plaguing the black community as a result of systemic and institutional racism) and yet we have barely seen any of these murderers in uniform receive appropriate punishment for their crimes. An entire movement, Black Lives Matter, was created in response to these killings, and justice still has yet to be served. It is this reality that has caused me to reflect on the civil rights and Black Power movements of the past to try to understand what made them so powerful, how they compare to today’s struggle, and what we can do going forward.

The United States has assassinated every person who stood up to unite black people in the past. People like Malcolm X, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and Fred Hampton, just to name a few. It has also eliminated political groups like the Black Panther and Young Lords parties – which were created to unite, uplift, and empower black and Latinx people – as punishment for their activism. Today, the people who arguably have the largest influence on the black and Latinx youth are celebrities, typically musicians and athletes, whose strings are usually pulled by their management teams and record labels often run by white elites. The remains of once strong political groups are now street gangs that are constantly at war with eachother.

After decades of seemingly tolerant presidents being in office, the country is now being led by a person who has given power to white supremacist groups, igniting racial tensions that appeared to be non-existent to untrained eyes. These groups, who are pridefully heavily armed and infiltrate job occupations of all kinds, create a violent atmosphere for all black Americans daily. White supremacists aside, even liberal/left leaning whites and non-black people of color, are weaponizing race and fueling the spread of anti-black rhetoric all while claiming not to be racist. These factors combined create a racial climate reminiscent of the past.

A helpless unrest caused by a desire for equality and justice is palpable among black and Latinx youth. Cries for an end to injustice never cease, and actions taken never seem to amount to any progress. For a long time now, it has felt like we are on the brink of a revolution that never occurs, a revolution where black people stand in their power and fight for the respect they deserve. The question is, are we in a position to create the change we seek?

It is becoming clear that black people cannot rely on the United States to repair the damage done by 400 years of oppression, that type of reparation would be almost impossible to achieve — how do you correct generations of internalized trauma and abuse? It is also becoming clear that we can’t change how we are treated or viewed or valued by others, it is beyond our control. It may be more productive to shift our efforts to the only thing we can control, ourselves. What can we do to help ourselves and improve our communities without relying on government and outside intervention?

The people of Black Wall Street in Greenwood, Oklahoma built incredible wealth in less than 100 years after the abolition of slavery. Who is to say the same can’t be achieved today?

I think about our inner-city hoods and wonder how we could revolutionize them from within. It seems that there is so much misplaced and misused power and influence, it is time we start channeling it correctly. If the people who hold as much weight in their neighborhood and communities as they claim to on social media stepped up and began to lead their communities towards property ownership, entrepreneurship, political participation, and collaboration, there is no limit to the progress we would see in our neighborhoods.

What would happen if the street gangs in our inner-cities found a new M.O.? One that revolved around empowering their communities and caused them to operate in a similar fashion as the Black Panther Party once did. What would happen if profits from organized crimes were combined to purchase property in their neighborhoods, or fund black businesses, black schools, black enrichment and educational programs, black food pantries, etc? What would happen if gangs stopped fighting each other and started leading their communities, creating political platforms and controlling local government? Trapping to fund community work so that one day we can say we run our blocks because we own them. This is not to say I am condoning illegal activities, but if they are going to be done, why not do them with a purpose?

The revolution that could not be stopped would be one we create amongst ourselves, working on ourselves, so we can take back what should belong to us. It is time for us to be the change we want to see as much as we protest for our government to create it. Following the lead of the revolutionaries who came before us and taking our power by any means necessary; one property at a time, one black judge, one black politician, one black business owner at a time. Black communities ran by black people for black people. A hood evolution would be the truest revolution.

Road to Self Discovery

About a year ago I set out on a self love journey and immediately found that I had a hard time learning to love myself because I realized I had no real understanding of exactly who I was. Of course I knew the basics like my favorite colors and foods, but when it came down to really figuring out exactly what my personal beliefs and values were, I drew nothing but blanks.

Like most kids I adapted the beliefs and values instilled in me by my parents and whenever I heard something that conflicted with those values I took it with a grain of salt. Doing this became increasingly more difficult as I grew into a young adult and started forming opinions based on my own observations. Whenever I started openly questioning the truths passed down to me by my parents, I was always met with some sort of resistance and in order to keep the peace I began to keep my thoughts and ideas to myself. Keeping these new budding ideas to myself was probably one of the worst things I have ever done because, in doing so, I was stunting my own development. It is perfectly natural and extremely important for us to question things. The questions you ask dictate the knowledge you acquire and having knowledge is what gives you the ability to form opinions and beliefs. You can’t decide what you think if you aren’t sure of what you know. The more I prevented myself from questioning authority and the generally accepted truth, the less I developed into my own person, and the more I became a mirror of my surroundings. It’s no wonder I had no idea who I really was.

The first step in my road to self discovery was deciding to allow myself to exist freely. Instead of filtering my thoughts and actions to fall in line with my upbringing and what is socially acceptable, I began to think about the things I wanted to think about and act the way I wanted to act without judging myself for doing so. This, in my opinion, was the most important step. We often cast away ideas because we feel that we are weird for thinking the things we think. The same applies to our actions. We act differently at home and around loved ones than we do around the general public out of fear of not being accepted or being labeled “strange”. Sometimes a moderate filter is very much needed, but many times it is limiting. If you are constantly moderating the things you do and say to please others you are allowing yourself to live by their standards and stripping yourself of what makes you unique. If a person is defined by what they believe and how they act but their actions and thoughts are controlled by what others deem acceptable, what does it say about that person?

Once I began to exist without judging myself using society’s standards I started to really get to know who I was and slowly but surely I began to love the person I was becoming. You have to know who you are in order to know how you feel about yourself. Now that I have a better idea of who I am, I can truly say I love myself and enjoy my own company more than I enjoy most things. Much to my surprise, other people have begun to love me too. Granted, I lost a few friends during this process, but it turns out that for the most part people love genuine people and ironically, it was the approval of my peers that served as confirmation that I was doing the right thing. While I loved getting the outside recognition, their approval wasn’t my motivation to continue on my path. It was the empowering feeling of finally being my own person. It’s a feeling I want everyone to experience because it is one of the things I believe makes life worth living.

I’m Back and I’m Better

I started this blog about a year ago with every intention of making it a compilation of thoughts and critiques on the society we live in. It didn’t take me very long to realize I didn’t have much to write about because my understanding of the world we live in was so small. Then, I decided that it might be easier to focus my writing on myself and the things I have learned about my place in the world as a young Latin American woman in the United States of America, and again I found myself stuck. It dawned on me that I didn’t know myself as well as I thought I did and I had no grasp of what my place in this world was. After spending 21 years growing and developing I should have had a good understanding of who I was, no? It turns out I didn’t have the slightest idea. It was then that I decided I needed to do some self discovery and here I am a year later, more me than I have ever been, but not as me as I’ll ever be.

I finally have things to write about and I have never been more excited to do so. I would like to thank everyone who supported me and this blog first time around and everyone who stuck by me during this past year. I hope you all enjoy everything I plan on sharing with you.

 

Early Morning Thoughts

How long will it take for us people of color to recognize and support our own businesses, entrepreneurs, and artists of all kinds? We keep calling out for equal representation in institutions that were never meant to include us while still blindly supporting those very same organizations that ignore our talents time and time again. We have to stop asking to be valued by people who may never understand our struggles and accomplishments. Instead, we need to love, nurture, and enrich ourselves.

I support people who share the view that we need to invest our hard earned money in our communities in order to see them grow. We waste hundreds of thousands of dollars a year buying european designer clothes that were not meant to be worn by us. When those designers host runway shows how many models of color do they choose to showcase their work? One? Two if we’re lucky? But how many of those designers appropriate our culture by having their models sport textured hair and braided hair? Definitely more than just one or two. Please keep that in mind the next time you buy a European designer hand bag.

The truth is too many of us are furthering our education and taking our new found knowledge to the corporations that continue to oppress and exploit us. Do not underestimate the power of knowledge, and be aware that knowledge acquired outside of the classroom can be just as important. In other words, do not discredit the lessons passed down to you from generations and generations of hard-working people who have struggled to make it possible for you to have access to an education. Knowledge is a resource we cannot afford to waste or misuse.

I’m not saying we need to boycott all things outside our communities. I’m just asking that we think about exactly who we are supporting with our money and make efforts to allocate funds to the organizations that have our best interests at heart and represent us in ways we deserve.

 

Being a Latina in the US

The older I get the more I realize how truly difficult it is to be a Latina living in the US. It’s like I’m constantly trying to find the perfect balance between assimilation into US American “culture” and my own Dominican culture. I’m either too Dominican for US Americans or too “white” for my Dominican family. I’m constantly thinking back to the scene in the movie Selena where her father Abraham tries to prepare her for exactly what she was getting herself into by being a Mexican-American artist crossing over into popular culture. It is exhausting.

I find myself cringing everytime I hear my Spanish accent roll off my tongue when I’m around white Anericans. I still don’t know why or how I’m so proud to be Dominican but so ashamed of my accent. I still refuse to accept the fact that I have an accent even though im always being told otherwise. I guess it’s a learned self-hatred and I’m still in the process of decolonizing myself inside and out.

I don’t think I’m alone in this struggle, and I hope that everyone out there who is trying their best to fit in with their family and the general US American population knows that they aren’t alone either. Maybe we’ll find a happy medium… Maybe we won’t. Who knows? I sure don’t.